Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Craik and lockhart 1972 discussed engagement in terms of depth of cognitive processing e. Elaboration reflects the extent to which information in working memor is integrated with prior knowledge structures. Studied med school at u of edinburgh, but decided he rather disliked the company of sick people, and decided to go into psychology instead. Craik and tulvings research supports their level of processing theory. In a typical experiment, depth is manipulated by asking participants to engage deep or shallow processing on the toberemembered items during encoding 2. Lockhart in 1972, describes memory recall of stimuli as a function of the depth of mental processing. Craik and lockhart 1972 proposed that it is the method and depth of processing affects how an experience is stored in memory, rather than rehearsal. Elaboration rehearsal involves a more meaningful analysis e. According to the web of science, since the publication of craik and lockhart almost 40 years ago, 3,500 articles have cited the original article accessed july 2011. The craik and lockhart article appeared in the december 1972 issue of jvlvb.
The level or depth at which the information is processedencoded determines how well it is stored in ltminformation is best encoded, stored and organised by meaningmemory is not as simple as applying meaning and no meaning. Following the abandonment of the initial simple processing depth hypothesis the tendency has been to. The study took a number of participants with 60 words and gave each word a question that dealt with one way to encode the word, after a distracting process the participants were asked to find the words from a larger list. Depth of processing is defined by how information is encoded and how that changes how it is remembered. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 11, 67l84. Links into memory with research into perception and selective attention. Craik and tulving tested this in 10 experiments, each with a study phase and test phase. This work was done in collaboration with robert lockhart at the university of toronto in 1972 and continued with another collaborative effort with endel tulving in 1975. Multistore model atkinson and shiffrin 1968 akinson and shiffrin suggested that memory was comprised of three separate stores, the sensory memory store, the shortterm memory and the longterm memory.
This result can be explained by deeper information processing in subjects who use the reflexive decision making strategies craik, lockhart, 1972. Critically discuss the level of processing model of craik. Craik and endel tulving university of toronto, toronto, ontario, canada summary ten experiments were designed to explore the levels of processing framework for human memory research. As craik and lockhart 1972 point out, the perceiver is normally concerned only with extracting the meaning from his sensory input. The statement that according to craik and lockhart 1972, shallow processing and deep processing are the two main types of processing is false. Depth of processing falls on a shallow to deep continuum. Lockhart in 1972, refers to three levels of encoding any information. Levels of processing craik and lockhart, 1972 prezi. Memory is just a byproduct of the depth of processing of information, and there is no clear. In a famous article, craik and lockhart 1972 discussed their belief that information we process more deeply goes into longterm memory. Craik and lockhart in 1972, is one of the most widely cited cognitive psychology articles in the literature. One study that tried to support this theory is the craik and. The level or depth at which the information is processedencoded determines how well it is stored in ltm information is best encoded, stored and organised by meaning. In contrast, they proposed three ways of processing.
Each store had a specific and relatively inflexible function. According to craik and lockhart 1972, shallow processing. Craik and lockharts 1972 lop concept could be seen as capitalizing on the affordances offered by printed words. Encoding organizational source and associative source. Actually, it is very pleasant to put on record our gratitude to endel tulving who. We classified vocabulary mnemonics into shallow and deepencoding types, analyzed the advantage and disadvantage of each mnemonic, and concluded that.
A comparative study of handwriting and computer typing in. University of toronto, toronto, ontario, canada in the 1960s, human memory was thought about principally in terms of stores that were characterized as holding. In 1972, craik and lockhart proposed a new model of memory formation related to depth of processing. The levels of processing model, created by fergus i. The basic notions are that the episodic memory trace may be thought of as a rather auto. But thepreliminary stages ofprocessingnecessary toreach thelevel of comprehension are of littlevalue in themselves,once the. For example, the population with decline of frontal executive systems and reduced attentional resources, such as older adults and amnesia patients showed more deficits in remembering the sources than in remembering the items schacter, 1987.
In a recent paper, craik and lockhart 1972 argued that depth of processing of stimulus material is a direct determinant of how well that material will be remembered. Craik and lockhart levels of processing framework by admin the levels of processing framework proposed by fergus i. Dp 2 craik and lockhart levels of processing english. Learn lockhart craik with free interactive flashcards. Jan 04, 2014 per far fronte ai problemi sollevati dal modello modale, sono state avanzate due proposte teoriche. Can be used alongside the introductory presentation and the practical experiment presentation for students on the levels of processing theory see other resources. Includes the aim, procedure, results and conclusion of the study. Accordingly, a higher attentive maintenance is devoted to the processing of spaced items compared to massed items craik and lockhart, 1972. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior 11, 671684 1972 levels of processing. As deeper processing would logically take more time to execute than shallow processing e. Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory fergus i. For example,craik and tulving 1975 demonstrated that words that were embedded in a congruent sentence context were better remembered than those that were embedded in an incongruent context see also schulman, 1974. Levels of processing theory craik and tulvings experiment.
Evaluation levels of processing framework is an idea of how memory might occur. Their conceptual framework has the advantage of directing attention to mental events and processes, but there are several difficulties. Wisdom,intelligence,andcreativitysynthesized intelligence,aharvardpsychologistfamouslyremarked,iswhatever intelligencetestsmeasure. Craik and endel tulving university of toronto, toronto, ontario, canada summary ten experiments were designed to explore the levels of processing framework for human memory research proposed by craik and lockhart 1972. Deeper levels of analysis produce more elaborate, longerlasting, and stronger memory traces than shallow levels of analysis. These results are replicated in craik and lockhart. For example, giving words a meaning or linking them with previous knowledge. Levels of processing memory model history fergus craik. The levels of processing model craik and lockhart, 1972 focuses on the depth of processing involved in memory, and predicts the deeper information is processed, the longer a memory trace will last. Atkinson and shiffrin multi store model of memory simply. The levels of processing effect was the creation of robert s. Further, the selfreference effect also known as selfreferential processing.
One study that tried to support this theory is the craik and lockhart 1972 study. The levelsofprocessing effect, identified by fergus i. If we want to remember a piece of information, we should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to. To determine the level of processing between semantic and phonemic encoding, 26 word pairs was shown to 837 undergraduates and each participant has 30 seconds to determine whether it was a. Critically discuss the level of processing model of craik and. This levels of processing lop framework was originally proposed by craik and lockhart in 1972, and has since then fueled debate in episodic memory research. Choose from 16 different sets of lockhart craik flashcards on quizlet.
An example of different levels of processing would be when trying to remember someones name. Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic. Craik and lockhart 1972 stated that in the encoding stage there is a series of processing hierarchies. The underlying assumption in their approach is that a stimulus is processed through a series of stages with different kinds of information being extracted from. Fergus ian muirden craik frs born 17 april 1935, edinburgh, scotland is a cognitive psychologist known for his research on levels of processing in memory. The subjects with the reflexive strategy scored less false memory markers and more omission errors than those with the impulsive strategy. One study that tried to support this theory is the craik. Evidence for the framework such as craik and tulving. They theorized that not all sensory information is processed the same and thus is transferred to our lts at different rates. Learning and memory strategy demonstrations for the. Ccnumber 50 this weeks citation classicdecember 10, 1979. Traditional theories of memory segmented human memory into different stores for example, the multistore model with sensory, shortterm and longterm stores.
Per far fronte ai problemi sollevati dal modello modale, sono state avanzate due proposte teoriche. May 28, 2014 this levels of processing lop framework was originally proposed by craik and lockhart in 1972, and has since then fueled debate in episodic memory research. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 9 1970, pp. Craik and endel tulving conditions are typically held constant in the experiments described above, the dif. Nov 30, 2016 presentation to introduce craik and tulvings experiment on the levels of processing theory of memory. Craik has received numerous awards and is considered a leader in the.
Presentation to introduce craik and tulvings experiment on the levels of processing theory of memory. Craik and endcl uniocrsity of toronto, toronto, ontario, canada summary ten experiments were designed to explore the levels of processing framework for human memory research proposed by craik and lockhart 1972. Ccnumber 50 this weeks citation classicdecember 10. An experiment similar to the study by craik and tulving 1975 was conducted for the purpose of examining the evidence for craik and lockharts 1972 lop theory and to support the hypothesis that a greater amount of data can be recalled from within a persons stm when deeper levels of processing semantic are used compared to the use of. Pdf levelsofprocessing effects on a variety of memory. Craik and lockharts 1972 lop concept could be seen as.
Equally, it is important for him to continue to remember thesemeanings. Craik and tulving 1975 hypothesized that depth of processing is a main component of the durability of one. Information processed at a low level of elaboration may elicit only a recognition response. Information is simply rehearsed in the stm and if rehearsed sufficiently is transferred to ltm. Memory and levels of processing in psycholinguistic context. The researches done by hyde and jenkins 1973 and craik and tulving 1975 also prove the same results. Each word affords encoding as a simple visual stimulus, as a pronounceable word, or as providing access to a rich and potentially complex set of associations through its meaning.
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